Overview:
Throughout the developing world millions of children have been displaced by armed-conflict, civil strife, natural disasters and abject poverty. Over half of the world's refugees are children under 18 years of age. Among this population are unaccompanied children, those who have been separated from their parents and other adult relatives. However, the numbers of unaccompanied children are surpassed by other, and often overlapping groups of displaced children; street children, children orphaned or abandoned due to HIV-AIDS or genocide, children in prison and child soldiers. While international guidelines are in place, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child most prominent among them, significant gaps exist in the realms of situation analysis, program implementation, monitoring and policy change.

This seminar will draw upon case materials, selected readings and a number of both documentary and feature films to explore the root causes of child displacement and the developmental risks associated with it We will also examine the assumptions and actions of governments, the donor community, and non-governmental organizations who typically intervene on behalf of displaced children. Complex ethical, legal and policy issues will be considered, including: (1) ethical dilemmas in the provision of protection and care (2) contrasting models of residential care and community-based support (3) legal status and decisions about evacuation, international adoption and third country resettlement, etc. (4) the role of the extended family and legal rights to parental assets.

Students will explore the global link between displaced children in developing countries and the status of immigrant and refugee children in America through involvement in individual, service-learning projects in local communities. Students are expected to engage in a community service activity that brings them into direct contact with displaced children and/or adolescents for at least three hours on a weekly basis. This might take the form of a mentoring relationship through tutoring or being a big brother/sister, acting as a teacher's aide, or involvement in a Duke program such as Literacy Through Photography or Community Stories.

Main Texts:
Cao, L. (1997) Monkey Bridge
Straker, G. (1992) Faces in the Revolution
Wilkomirski, B. (1996) Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood
Ballard, 1 (1984) Empire of the Sun (recommended)
Tolfree, D. (1995) Roofs and Roots (recommended)

Films: (Feature and Documentary)
Central Station (1998) Walter Salles
Los Olvidados (1950) Luis Bunuel
Forbidden Games (1952) Rene Clement
Empire of the Sun (1987) Stephen Spielberg
My House is on Fire (1997) Ariel Dorftnan
Alamo Bay (1985) Louis Malle
El Norte (1983) Gregory Nava
Chain of Tears (1990) BBC
Makwaya (1994) ZimMedia
The Killing Fields (1984) Roland Joffe
The West (1996) Ken Bums
Pixote (1982) Hector Babenco,
Salaam Bombay (1988) Mira Nair
The Postmaster (1961) Satyajit Ray
Neria (1992) Godwin Mawuro
Amerasians (1998) Christian Science Monitor

Evaluation:
Course Participation 25%
Community Service 25%
Two Reflection Papers 20%
Final Research Paper 30%

Class Participation: Class preparation, regular attendance and participation are essential. The screening of a number of feature and documentary films is required. Various screening options will be arranged. A "news group" will be established and study questions will be suggested prior to class meetings. The service learning requirement includes a bi-weekly group meeting outside of class. These sessions are intended to provide students with a specific venue in which to discuss their service learning experiences and receive observations from a childcare professional.

Reflection Papers:
Two essays of approximately five pages each, are due: September 2nd and November 3rd. These papers should reflect integration of course materials and the service learning experience.

Final Papers:
A research paper is required. Topics should reflect individual areas of interest. A one-
page prospectus must be submitted for approval by October 10. The text of final papers
should be in the range of 18-20 double spaced pages and must reflect adequate research,
analysis and synthesis.

PART I – A FRAMEWORK
September 1st- Course Overview and Requirements
September 8th – A Child Rights Perspective: Strengths and Limitations

Readings:
1) "Making Reality of the Rights of the Child" (1993) Radda Barnen Stockholm, pp. 1-27
2) "Refugee Children and the Rights of the Child" (1994) in Refugee Children: Guidelines of Protection and Care, UNHCR: Geneva
3) Schlafly, P. (1995) "Hazards Lurking in Treaty of the Child", Washington Post, Opinions and Editorials, March 1st.
4) "Protecting Parental Rights", pp. 14-16

September 15th - Overview of Central Actors: Agencies and Missions
Readings:
1) Steinbock, D. (1988) Chapter 19, "The Role of International and Voluntary Organizations", in Unaccompanied Children: Care and Protection in Wars, Natural Disasters and Refugee Movement , Ressler, E., Boothby, N. & Steinbock, D., Oxford University Press: New York
2) Gorman, R. (1985)"Private Voluntary Agencies in Refugee Relief', in Refugee and World Politic , Praeger, pp. 82-104.
3) Ignatieff, M. (1997) "Unarmed Warriors", The New Yorker,March.
4) Shawcross, W. (1984) Chapter 19, "A Balance", in The Quality of More, Simon & Schuster: New York, pp. 385-415
5) Prendergast, J. (1996) "The Contest of Aid in Complex Emergencies: The Seven Deadly Si.ns" (1-16); "Good Intentions on the Road to Hell" (17-36), in Frontline Diplomacy, Humanitarian Aid and Conflict in Africa, Lynne Reiner, London

September 22nd - The Child's Experience and the Meaning of Displacement
Readings:
1) Wilkormiski, B. (1996) Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood Schocken Books: New York
2) Tolfree, D. (1995) Chapter 1, "Attachment and separation: Child development in a cross-cultural context" (15-27), in Roofs and Roots: The Care of Separated Children in the Developing World, Arena: London

Films:
1) Empire of the Sun (1987) Steven Spielberg
2) My House is on Fire (1997) Ariel Dorfman (in class)
3) Forbidden Games (1952) Rene Clement (recommended)

September 29th – The Ethics of Involvement
First Reflection Paper Due
Readings:
1) "Ethical Issues" (1996) in Prompting the Psychosocial Well-being of Children Affected by Armed Conflict and Displacement, International Save the Children Alliance, Geneva
2) Hugo Slim (1997) "Doing the Right Thing: Relief Agencies, Moral Dilemmas and Moral Responsibility in Political Emergencies and War", Studies on Emergencies and Disaster Relief #6, (CENDP), Oxford Brookes University
3) "Focus on Images" (1991) Save the Children Fund (UK).

Films:
1) The Postmaster (1961) Satyajit Ray
2) Central Station (1998) Walter Salles

PART 2 – CHILDREN & ARMED CONFLICT

October 6th – Refugee, Unaccompanied and Internally Displaced Children

(Prospectus Due)

Readings:
1) Machel, G. (1996) "Impact of Armed Conflict on Children", Report of Expert of the
Secretary-General, United Nations, (pages 1-8 & 14-19)
Steinbock, D. (1988) Chapter 17, Unaccompanied children in the law of armed
conflict, natural disasters and population movements", pp. 246-261, in
Unaccompanied Children, Ressler, E., Boothby, N. and Steinbock, D. Oxford
University Press: New York
3) International Save the Children Alliance (1996) "Prompting Psychosocial Well-Being Among Children Affected by Armed Conflict and Displacement: Principles and Approaches, 14 pages
4) Bracken, P., Giller, J. and Summerfield, D. (1995)"Psychological Responses to War and Atrocity: The Limitations of current concepts", Social Science & Medicine, Vol 40, No. 8, pp. 1073-1082
5) Cohen, C., Hendler, N. (1999) Looking Towards Home: Internally Displaced
Adolescents in Azerbaijan, Women·s Commission for Refugee Women & Children

Films:
1) El Norte (1983) Gregory Nava
2) Makwaya (1994) Zimmedia (In class)

October 13th – Third Country Resettlement: The United States
Readings:
1) Cao, L. (1998) Monkey Bridge, New York: Penguin Books
2) Williams, C. & Westermeyer, J. (1983) "Psychiatric problems among adolescent
Southeast Asian Refugees," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 17 1, pp. 79-85
3) Butler, R. (1992) "Crickets" (59-64), "Mid-Autumn" (95-102), "In the Clearing", in A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain New York: Holt

Films:
1) Alamo Bay (1985) Louis Malle

October 20th – Politics and the Resettlement of "Vulnerable Groups"
Readings:
1) Butler, R. (1992) "Letters from My Father"(65-72), in A Good Scent from a Strange
Mountain, New York: Holt.
2) Bass, T. (1996) "Halfbreeds" (32-46), in Vietnamerica, New York: Soho Press
3) Felsman, JK, Davis,B. (1988) "Amerasians: The Solution Isn't Simply to Move
Them", Philadelphia, March, p. 9-A
4) Fitzgerald, M., Loman, S. (1998) "The Lost Boys of Sudan", in Mond
Development, Washington, DC: InterAction, October 12, Vol. 16, # 18
5) Triay, V. (1998) "The Panic Begins" (1-11); "The Cuban Children's Program" (53-68), in Fleeing Castro: Qperation Pedro Pan and the Cuban Children's Progress, University of Florida Press.

Films:
1) Amerasians (1988) Christian Science Monitor (in class)

October 27th – Political Socialization
Readings:
1) Coles, R. (1986) "The Homeland: Psychoanalysis and the Political Thought of
Children", pp. 53-78; "Race and Nationalism: South Africa", pp. 180-224; in The
Political Life of Children, Houghton Mifflin: Boston
"Religion and Nationalism: Northern Ireland, pp. 79-139 (recommended)
2) Bringing Them Home (1997) Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission,
New South Wales, Australia, 51 pages


Films:
1) The West (1996) Ken Bums (Episode 7- in class)

November 3rd - Adolescent Participation in Armed Conflict: Child Soldiers
Second Reflection Paper Due
Readings:
1) Straker, Gill (1992) Faces in the Revolution: The Psychological Effects of Violence on Township Youth in South Africa Ohio University Press: Athens
2) Gourevitch, P. "After the Genocide", The New Yorker, December 18, 1995
3) Archey, D. (1995) "Children, Genocide and Justice", Save the Children, Rwanda
4) Goodwin-Gill, G. & Cohen, 1. (1994) "Findings and Recommendations" Chapter 7, pp. 165-181, in Child Soldiers, Clarendon Press: Oxford

Films:
1) The Killing Fields (1984) Roland Joffe
2) Chain of Tears (1990) BBC (In class)

PART 3 – ABANDONED, ORPHANED & INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILDREN

November 10th- Street Children
Readings:
1) Riis, J. (1957) "Street Arabs", pp. 147-158, in How the Other Half Lives, Hill & Wang: New York
2) Felsman, JK. (1989) "Risk and resiliency in childhood: The lives of street children" pp. 56-80, in The Child in Our Times: Studies in the Development of Resiligncy, Dugan, T. & Coles, R., (Eds), Bruner-Mazel: New York
4) Glauser, B. (1995) "Street Children: Deconstructing a Construct", Chapter 7, in Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, Allison, J. and Prout, A. (Eds.), Palmer Press, New York.

Films:
1) Mira Nair (1988) Salaam Bombay
2) Pixote (1982) Hector Babenco
3) Los Olvidados (1950) Luis Bunuel (recommended)

November 17th – Interim Care: Problems of Evacuation and Fostering
Readings:
1) UNHCR Guidelines on Evacuation
2) Tobar, H. (1996) "Vietnam War Orphans Plan Journey of Self-Discovery," Los Angeles Times, June 10th, 4 pages
3) Tolfree, D. (1995), Chapter 4 "Fostering", In Roofs & Root , pp. 185-205
4) Linowitz, J. and Boothby, N. (1988) Chapter 15, "Cross-Cultural Placements", pp. 181-207, in Unaccompanied Children, Oxford University Press, New York

December 2nd – Orphaned and Abandoned Children: HIV-AIDS & Genocide
Readings:
1) "Children on the Brink: Strategies to Support Children Isolated by I-UV/AIDS" (1997) Executive Report, USAID, 12 pages

2) Cohen, C. and Hendler, N., (1997), 'Dying Branches: The Impact of AIDS in Pondas Malawi"
3) Cohen, C. and Hendler, N. (1998) "No Home Without Foundation", Women's Commission on Refugee Women and Children, New York

Films:
1) Neria (1992) Godwin Mawuro
December 8th - Durable Solutions: Institutional Care and Adoption
Readings:
1) Tolfree, D. (1995) Chapter 2, "Why Institutions?" pp. 29-3 5, In Roofs & Roots, Arena: London
2) Wilson, D. (1995)'Protegez-Moi: Progress Report', Save the Children, Rwanda
3) Tolfree, D. (1995) Chapter 13, "Adoption" (169-184); Chapter 15, "Inter-country Adoption: Solution or Problem?" (207-220), in Roofs & Roots, Arena: London
4) Thurston, D. (1996) "In a Chinese Orphanage", Atlantic Monthly, April

(Research Papers due)